ABSTRACT Milk is a rich food, source of several indispensable nutrients, much consumed by the population. Its quality and microbiota are influenced by several factors. The objective of the present study was to determine the microbiota of refrigerated raw milk and processed milk in dairy products in Vale do Taquari - RS, through genetic sequencing. Three types of milk were analyzed in two dairies in the region: raw refrigerated milk, which arrives at the dairies by means of tank trucks, pasteurized milk and milk treated by Ultra High Temperature (UHT). The determination of the milk microbiota was performed through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that refrigerated raw milk has the highest number of microorganisms in the two dairy products, followed by pasteurized milk and milk sterilized by the UHT process, successively. Dairy processing 2 proved to be more efficient, especially for UHT treated milk, considerably reducing the microbiota. Eighty-seven species of the Bacteria Kingdom were identified and the samples showed considerable microbiological diversity. Psychrotrophic microorganisms such as Kurthia gibsonii were expressive in the samples. Lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus macedonicus were found in refrigerated raw milk and pasteurized milk and Streptococcus thermophilus in sterilized milk. Harmful species such as Bacillus cereus group, Aeromonas dhakensis and Acinetobacter haemolyticus were found in UHT treated milk from both dairy products, in addition to Aeromonas caviae, Enterobacter mori and Viridibacillus arenosi.

RESUMO O leite é um alimento rico, fonte de diversos nutrientes indispensáveis, muito consumido pela população. A sua qualidade e a sua microbiota são influenciadas por diversos fatores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a microbiota do leite cru refrigerado e de leites processados em laticínios do Vale do Taquari - RS, por meio do sequenciamento genético. Foram analisados três tipos de leite em dois laticínios da região: leite cru refrigerado, que chega aos laticínios por meio dos caminhões-tanques, leite pasteurizado e leite esterilizado por Ultra High Temperature (UHT). A determinação da microbiota do leite foi realizada por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. Os resultados mostraram que o leite cru refrigerado possui a maior quantidade de microrganismos nos dois laticínios, seguido do leite pasteurizado e pelo leite tratado pelo processo UHT, sucessivamente. O processamento do Laticínio 2 mostrou-se mais eficiente, principalmente para o leite UHT, reduzindo consideravelmente a microbiota. Foram identificadas 87 espécies do Reino Bacteria e as amostras mostraram considerável diversidade microbiológica. Microrganismos psicrotróficos, como Kurthia gibsonii foram expressivos nas amostras. Bactérias ácido-láticas como Streptococcus macedonicus foram encontradas no leite cru refrigerado e no leite pasteurizado e Streptococcus termophilus, no leite esterilizado. Espécies nocivas como Bacillus cereus group, Aeromonas dhakensis e Acinetobacter haemolyticus foram encontrados no leite UHT de ambos os laticínios, além de Aeromonas caviae, Enterobacter mori and Viridibacillus arenosi.

ABSTRACT Milk is an essential food, widely consumed by the population. Brazil is one of the world’s largest producers of milk. Milk quality is influenced by several factors in all its stages of production. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological profile of refrigerated and processed raw bovine milk from industries in Vale do Taquari, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using metagenomic analysis. A total of six samples were collected, one of refrigerated raw milk from the tanker truck, one of pasteurized milk and one of milk sterilized by the ultra-high temperature (UHT) process, in each of the industries. The identification of the milk microbiota was performed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The results show that refrigerated raw milk has a greater number of microorganisms, followed by pasteurized milk and sterilized milk, successively. Processed milk showed the presence of beneficial microorganisms such as Streptococcus thermophilus and Streptococcus macedonicus. Nevertheless, even UHT milk showed the presence of microorganisms considered harmful, such as the Bacillus cereus group, Aeromonas dhakensis, Enterobacter bacterium and Acinetobacter haemolyticus. Metagenomics is a valuable tool for the thorough evaluation of the milk microbiota in order to implement the processing stages in industries.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a qualidade do leite cru refrigerado das propriedades produtoras de leite e do leite cru refrigerado, pasteurizado e Ultra High Temperature (UHT) das indústrias do Vale do Taquari no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram realizadas análises de composição do leite, análises físico-químicas e análises microbiológicas, estabelecidas pela legislação, além de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, contagem de psicrotróficos nos três tipos de leite, contagem de mesófilos no leite pasteurizado e no leite UHT das indústrias. As coletas ocorreram em duas indústrias e 33 propriedades produtoras de leite. Em relação às propriedades, duas (6%) apresentaram leite com acidez acima do estabelecido pela legislação e três (9%) apresentaram leite com contagem bacteriana total (CBT) acima do estabelecido. O leite da indústria 1 apresentou acidez, CBT e densidade fora dos padrões estabelecidos. As duas indústrias e 53,2% das propriedades apresentaram leite com contagem de células somáticas (CCS) acima do determinado pela legislação. O leite das indústrias demonstrou maiores quantidades de CCS, CBT, psicrotróficos e coliformes totais e termotolerantes que o leite das propriedades produtoras de leite e o leite da indústria 1 apresentou maiores quantidades que a indústria 2, nos parâmetros microbiológicos.

Abstract The goal of the present study was to verify the quality of refrigerated raw milk from dairy properties and also of refrigerated raw milk, pasteurized and Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk from industries in Vale do Taquari in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Physicochemical, microbiological and milk composition analysis were carried out, as established by legislation, in addition to total and thermotolerant coliforms and psychrotrophic counts in the three types of milk and mesophiles count in pasteurized milk and UHT milk from the industries. The collections took place in two industries and 33 dairy properties. Regarding the properties, two (6%) had milk with acidity above that established by legislation and three (9%) had milk with a total bacterial count (TBC) above the established. The milk from industry 1 presented acidity, TBC and density out of the established standards. The two industries and 53.2% of the properties had milk with somatic cell counts (SCC) above that determined by legislation. The milk from the industries showed higher amounts of SCC, TBC, psychrotrophic and total and thermotolerant coliforms than the milk from the dairy properties, and the milk from industry 1 showed higher amounts than the industry 2, in the microbiological parameters.

Resumo A doença celíaca é caracterizada pela incapacidade do organismo de digerir o glúten no intestino delgado, e o tratamento dietético consiste em evitar alimentos que contenham essa proteína. Casca de batata, semente de abóbora e quinoa são ingredientes que podem ser usados para produzir pão sem glúten. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características químicas e sensoriais de pães isentos de glúten adicionados de farinhas de casca de batata (FCB), semente de abóbora (FSA) e quinoa (FQ). Foram realizadas a análise sensorial dos pães preparados sem glúten e a análise química das farinhas alternativas e das formulações de pães elaboradas. A formulação do pão com farinhas e amidos tradicionais que obteve maior aceitação na avaliação sensorial foi utilizada como base para preparar as três formulações de pães com 2,5%, 5,0% e 7,5% de cada uma das farinhas alternativas. Na análise química das farinhas, as concentrações de carboidratos da FCB e FQ não diferiram estatisticamente. Os níveis de lipídios, proteínas e cinzas da FSA foram significativamente maiores que os das demais farinhas. Os teores de carboidratos, cinzas e lipídios das três formulações elaboradas com as farinhas alternativas não apresentaram diferença significativa. A formulação com 5,0% das farinhas alternativas apresentou maior aceitação sensorial. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as farinhas utilizadas são alternativas viáveis para a produção de pães sem glúten, o que torna possível melhorar a dieta da população com doença celíaca pelo aumento do teor nutricional de minerais, proteínas e lipídios.

Abstract Celiac disease is characterized by the body’s inability to digest gluten in the small intestine, and the dietary treatment consists of avoiding foods that contain this protein. Potato peel, pumpkin seeds, and quinoa are ingredients that can be used to produce gluten-free bread. The aim of this work was to evaluate chemical and sensory characteristics of gluten-free breads consisting of the idea to compare both made with traditional ingredients and with the addition of Potato Peel Flour (PPF), Pumpkin Seed Flour (PSF), and Quinoa Flour (QF). Sensory analysis of the prepared gluten-free breads and chemical analysis of the alternative flours were performed, as well as the formulations developed. The bread formulation with traditional flours and starches that obtained the highest acceptance in the sensory evaluation was used as a base to prepare three bread formulations, with 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% of each alternative flours. Regarding the chemical analysis of the flours, carbohydrate concentrations of PPF and QF did not differ statistically. Lipid, protein, and ash levels in PSF were significantly higher than those in the other flours. Carbohydrate, ash, and lipid contents of the three formulations made with alternative flours showed no significant differences. The formulation with 5.0% of the alternative flours had higher sensory acceptance. The results showed that the alternative flours used are viable alternatives for the production of gluten-free breads, making it possible to improve the diet of part of the population with celiac disease by increasing the nutritional contents of minerals, lipids, and proteins.

Abstract Although cow milk is the most widely used dairy product, the milk of other animals presents characteristics relevant to the development of these products. Goat milk has higher digestibility and a lower incidence of allergic reactions than cow milk, while buffalo milk has higher levels of lipids, proteins and lactose. The objective of this work was to elaborate and evaluate the physicochemical, technological, microbiological and sensory characteristics of cream cheese formulations elaborated with different proportions of cow, goat and buffalo milk without whey removal. The milk mixture was allowed to produce cream cheese with high levels of ashes and proteins, and despite the retention of the whey, no occurrence of syneresis was observed in the formulations. The formulation elaborated with 33.33% of each type of milk obtained the highest positive intent to purchase, the highest acceptability index for overall impression and the highest score for the flavor attribute. Considering the number of probiotic microorganisms present in the cream cheese composition, the developed product can be considered a functional food. It is possible to prepare cream cheese with different types of milk and whey retention, creating a competitive product for the market and an alternative for the industry.

RESUMO O gênero Salmonella spp. Possui distribuição geográfica mundial constituindo-se como potencial risco para a saúde animal e saúde humana. O uso inadequado bem como a exposição continuada aos antibióticos e aos desinfetantes pode resultar no surgimento de resistência desses microrganismos frente aos compostos antimicrobianos. Os objetivos do trabalho foram investigar a ocorrência de resistência a antibióticos e aos desinfetantes de Salmonella spp. isoladas em produtos e matéria-prima de origem animal (suínos e aves), e verificar se entre os isolados resistentes a antibióticos ocorre o fenômeno de resistência concomitante com desinfetantes. O teste de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos (TSA) aplicado em 134 isolados indicou que 51 (38%) foram resistentes a pelo menos um dos oito antibióticos usados, sendo que 28 (55% dos resistentes) mostraram-se multirresistentes. Os isolados resistentes foram submetidos ao teste de suspensão quantitativo frente a quatro concentrações de desinfetantes em três tempos de contato, e o resultado comparado com o da cepa referência (Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 10.708). Considerando como indicador a maior concentração (200 ppm) e o menor tempo de contato (5 min), frente ao cloreto de cetil trimetilamônio (quaternário de amônia), enquanto a cepa referência foi sensível, 12 (24%) dos isolados foram resistentes; a cepa referência foi resistente a clorexidina, o que ocorreu com 22 (43%) dos isolados; assim como ocorreu com a cepa referência, todos os isolados foram sensíveis/inativados pelo hipoclorito de sódio e iodóforo. Não houve relações estatisticamente significativas de resistência concomitante entre os antibióticos e os desinfetantes testados.

ABSTRACT The genus Salmonella spp. Has worldwide geographical distribution, and represents a potential risk both to animal and human health. Inadequate use as well as continuous exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants might lead to the appearance of resistance of these microorganisms to antimicrobial compounds. The aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of resistance in Salmonella spp., isolated from products and raw material of animal origin (swine and poultry), to antibiotics and disinfectants, and check whether the phenomenon of simultaneous resistance to disinfectants occurs among the antibiotic-resistant isolates. The test of susceptibility to antimicrobials (TSA) applied in 134 isolates indicated that 51 (38%) were resistant to at least one of the eight antibiotics used, and 28 (55%) of resistant isolates were multi-resistant. Resistant isolates were submitted to the test of quantitative suspension against four concentrations of disinfectants in three contact times, and the result was compared with that of the reference strain (Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 10.708). While the reference strain was sensitive considering the highest concentration (200 ppm) and the lowest contact time (5 min) as indicators, 12 (24%) isolates were resistant to cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (ammonia quaternary); the reference strain was resistant to chlorhexidine, which also occurred with 22 (43%) of the isolates; similar to the reference strain, all isolates were sensitive/inactivated by sodium hypochlorite and iodophore. There were no significant relations of simultaneous resistance between the antibiotics and the disinfectants tested.

Abstract Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is used in traditional medicine because of its bioactive properties, such as antioxidant and antibacterial. Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacteria and as an indicator of contamination in food. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-Escherichia coli effect and the change in pH on the control of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, using hydroethanolic extract of H. sabdariffa L. in different concentrations in a meat model, verifying its potential as food additive for microbiological stability on ground beef during cooling storage. For the preparation of the treatments, the meat experimental units were elaborated with different concentrations of the vegetal extract (5, 10, 15 and 20%), ground beef and contaminated with E. coli. For pH evaluation, the meat experimental units were added different percentages of hydroethanolic extract. The H. sabdariffa L. antibacterial action reduced two logarithmic levels in practically all treatments. The best pH result was obtained in the meat containing 30% of the extract. The hydroethanolic extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. showed anti-Escherichia coli activity in the presence of refrigerated ground beef. Analyzing the pH results and the count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, it is possible this extract to be used as a natural food additive.